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Assignment 2 MGT403 (1st Term 2023-2024)
Deadline:11/11/2023 @ 23:59
(To be posted/released to students on BB in Week 8)
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
This assignment is an individual assignment.
Due date for Assignment 1 is by the end of Week 11 (11/11/2023)
The Assignment must be submitted only in WORD format via allocated folder.
Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be reduced for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page.
Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
Late submission will NOT be accepted.
Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism).
Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
ASSIGNMENT-2
Knowledge Management (MGT-403)
First Semester (2023-2024)
Course Learning Outcomes-Covered
The focus of the assignment is to evaluate the understanding level of students related to communities of Practice, learning organization, and various techniques used to capture tacit and explicit knowledge.
Assignment Questions
Q.1: Write a detailed note on the “Three forms of knowledge” Explained by K. Wiig in his knowledge management model. Briefly describe the four types of knowledge explained by K. Wiig. (2 Marks)
Q.2: Discuss in detail the following techniques of capturing tacit Knowledge? (3 Marks)
a. Learning History.
b. Storytelling.
c. Interviews.
Q. 3: Why are “Communities of practice” Important? How can organizations cultivate communities of practice? How can these communities of practice contribute towards the knowledge needs of the organization? (2.5 Marks)
Q. 4: Compare and contrast some different types of communities of practice. Describe how they would differ with respect to their goals. (2.5 Marks)
Answer:
Assignment 2 MGT403 (1st Term 2023-2024)
Deadline:11/11/2023 @ 23:59
(To be posted/released to students on BB in Week 8)
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
This assignment is an individual assignment.
Due date for Assignment 1 is by the end of Week 11 (11/11/2023)
The Assignment must be submitted only in WORD format via allocated folder.
Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be reduced for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page.
Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
Late submission will NOT be accepted.
Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism).
Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
ASSIGNMENT-2
Knowledge Management (MGT-403)
First Semester (2023-2024)
Course Learning Outcomes-Covered
The focus of the assignment is to evaluate the understanding level of students related to communities of Practice, learning organization, and various techniques used to capture tacit and explicit knowledge.
Assignment Questions
Q.1: Write a detailed note on the “Three forms of knowledge” Explained by K. Wiig in his knowledge management model. Briefly describe the four types of knowledge explained by K. Wiig. (2 Marks)
Q.2: Discuss in detail the following techniques of capturing tacit Knowledge? (3 Marks)
a. Learning History.
b. Storytelling.
c. Interviews.
Q. 3: Why are “Communities of practice” Important? How can organizations cultivate communities of practice? How can these communities of practice contribute towards the knowledge needs of the organization? (2.5 Marks)
Q. 4: Compare and contrast some different types of communities of practice. Describe how they would differ with respect to their goals. (2.5 Marks)
Answer:
Q1.
According to Wiig (1993), there are three forms of knowledge and these include; personal, public and shared expertise knowledge. Based on Wiig’s idea, public knowledge is the form of knowledge that is explicit, taught, learned, and routinely shared. Because of this, it is readily available in the public domain. Also, public knowledge is said to be abstract, general, and less detailed as compared to the other two. This form of knowledge needs extensive personal knowledge and interpretation before it is used. Sometimes it can even be wrong, misinterpreted, or incomplete. Examples include newspapers, published books, or information on public websites. Personal knowledge on the other hand is the most complete form of knowledge yet the least accessible. Personal knowledge is more tacit exists everywhere in daily life and is viewed as a web. It is also unconsciously applied during play and work time. Also, personal knowledge is considered the most basic because it is complete, detailed, and integrated. The third form of knowledge according to Wiig (1993) is shared, described as a knowledge asset that is held by knowledge experts and is also embedded in technology. According to Wiig (1993), this form of knowledge is normally communicated through specialized representations and languages. Shared knowledge explains how a particular type of work should be structured or done and is also more detailed as compared to public knowledge.
In his model, Wiig (1993) also presents four different types of knowledge and they include factual, methodological, conceptual, and expectational. Factual type of knowledge deals with measurements, casual chains, data, and readings. It directly deals with observable and verifiable content. Contrary, the expectational type of knowledge involves hypothesis, making judgments and expectations that are held only by those who know. Conceptual knowledge is involved with concepts, systems, and perspectives such as the ideas of a bull market and track record. Finally, the methodological type of knowledge is associated with decision-making methods, reasoning, strategies, and other related techniques. The best example of methodological knowledge is forecasting through the analysis of trends or learning from past mistakes
Q2.
a. Learning History
According to Dalkir (2011), learning history is a very valuable way of capturing tacit knowledge in groups. The learning history technique of capturing tacit knowledge can be described as a representation of incredibly prestigious events in life and at workplaces. Dalkir (2011) adds that learning history consists of events that occurred in organizations in the past. Those involved use the voice s of people who were present by then. This technique consists of various components such as planning, reflections, writing, validation, interviews, and dissemination. All organizational histories are always searched using various interviews where those participating are tasked with remembering and reflecting upon the events which is later followed by facilitated workshops as a way to capture the memories of all group members.
b. Storytelling
Storytelling is a cathartic process where individuals get to share their experiences to build a wide network and social capital. Storytelling is commonly used to trigger and support discussion forums at work. Storytelling is a reliable way of capturing and coding tacit knowledge (Dalkir, 2011). Based tacit knowledge perspective, storytelling is the telling of a connected series of happenings whether fictous or true. Among these three techniques of capturing tacit knowledge, storytelling was the oldest and most used. It has its roots linked to early civilization where anthropologists past their values and wisdom from one generation to another. Tacit knowledge is ingrained in people’s mindsets or dwells inside the knower’s heads and cannot be recorded or transferred. As such, only the knower can share it with others through storytelling.
c. Interviews
While using the interview technique for capturing tacit knowledge, there is one thing to take note of. Interviews are directed to experts, and while interviewing experts, various techniques can be used to optimize the interview and they include the following. One is the use of structured interviews and the other is the use of stories (Dalkir, 2011). Most organizations consider structured interviews the best and are conducted with employees about to retire. This form of interview also targets people who are greatly skilled at conceptualizing and excellent communicators.
Q3.
A community of practice (CoP) is defined as a group of people with a shared identity, interests, professionalism, and people who share, participate, and establish a fellowship. It is also explained as a group of people who besides sharing dynamic relationships and relations also come together to make use of shared knowledge to boost learning (Venkatraman &Venkatraman, 2018).In the current world, communities of practice are important in various ways and they include the following; a community of practice (CoP) fosters the exchange of knowledge and information in organizations and communities. This is because it offers an environment where individuals can share information, communicate, and interact openly with one another. They do this by creating an avenue where people can interact freely, share ideas, and tell stories which helps improve their levels of awareness and understanding. The second importance is that CoPs aid professional development among individuals. It does this by encouraging peer learning sessions, learning communities, and educative workshops that aid professionalism. The other importance is that CoPs lead to improved problem-solving because they provide a centralized avenue for voluble communication and open exchange of ideas needed to solve problems (Lisa, 2021). Besides, it is a relevant means of getting advanced solutions to world problems since many people come together with different ideas. Lastly, CoP is important because it fosters collaboration among different people. It does this by connecting people and creating an avenue where people can meet and interact.
An organization can cultivate communities of practices in various ways and they include the following. One is by carrying out a needs assessment using interviews, informal discussions, focus groups, and surveys. Secondly, an organization should consider opening a dialogue between inside and outside perspectives (Hislop et al., 2018). As it is, the outsiders will be able to challenge the insiders while those on the inside are aware of the real players. Thirdly, an organization can cultivate communities of practice by inviting different levels of participation. This is what a good community of practice entails. People belong to a community of practice for various reasons. Some people join CoPs because they see an opportunity to improve their skills, others for personal connection, and some to gain value. Inviting participation gives them the ability to take part and make the CoP more active and able to meet each of their needs (Bredin, 2020). The other way to cultivate CoP is by designing for evaluation. The intention for designing a CoP for evaluation is to combine design elements that help develop the CoP (Hislop et al., 2018). Lastly; an organization should focus on value as a way to cultivate a CoP. Most CoPs have remained thriving because of their ability to deliver value to an organization. As such, doing this will help cultivate one that is effective for the operation of the company.
Communities of practice contribute to the knowledge needs of an organization in various ways. One of these ways is the documentation and transfer of best lessons and practices while providing access to support on-the-job learning, expertise, and the generation of new ideas. Secondly, CoPs help meet an organization’s knowledge needs by creating value which helps improve employee performance. When employees are part of CoPs, they become direct knowledge carriers. According to Venkatraman &Venkatraman (2018), CoPs ensure that people with different ideas interact continuously which helps depend on their levels of knowledge and expertise. With this, they can contribute positively to the knowledge needs of an organization.
Q4.
There are different types of community of practice and each of them differs concerning their goals. The first type of community of practice is the helping community whose main goal is to help (Bhasin, 2023). It is also referred to as a no-judgment environment where group members can help each other with daily tasks that are in line with the common interest of the CoP. Members of this type of community share ideas, expertise, and experiences as a way to help group members improve their skills and be able to solve problems. They also talk about the challenges they face and get support and advice from their group members. Different from the helping communities are the knowledge-sharing communities of practice. As the name sounds, the main goal of this CoP is to share important knowledge with all group members. The group leaders curate and manage a pool of knowledge that members can refer to when they have questions. The reason for this is to help members improve their overall performance and levels of understanding.
In addition to the above, we also have professional communities of practice consisting of a group of members from a specific industry or niche. An example is a group of doctors who form one community of practice to support learning from each other (Dalkir, 2011). In such a group, members come from different organizations and also have different levels of expertise. Some may be veterans while others are newbies in the industries trying to learn from the experts. The most important aspect of professional communities of practice is that their members have shared interests and are all interested in contributing to the overall body of knowledge. Besides, there are also the best practice communities, whose goal is to create and disseminate best practices, strategies, rules, and guidelines to the group members (Yu, 2022). Lastly, there are innovative communities of practice for creating new practices, new insights, and breakthrough ideas that help organizations operate in this competitive world.
References
Bhasin, H. (2023, June 10). Community of practice – Definition, history, and types. Marketing91.
Bredin, S. (2020, January 7). 3 strategies to help communities of practice flourish. EDC.
Dalkir, K. (2011). Knowledge management in theory and practice (2nd ed.). MIT Press.
Hislop, D., Bosua, R., & Helms, R. (2018). Communities of practice. Knowledge Management in Organizations.
Lisa. (2021). What are the benefits of a community of practice (Cop)? Graphic Recording, Visual Notes – Washington, DC – See In Colors | We draw ideas so you can see solutions.
Venkatraman, S., & Venkatraman, R. (2018). Communities of practice approach for knowledge management systems. Systems, 6(4), 36.
Wiig , K. 1993 . Knowledge management foundations: Thinking about thinking. How People and Organizations Create, Represent and use Knowledge. Arlington, TX: Schema Press.
Yu, C. (2022). Communities, online communities, and communities of practice. Online Collaborative, in China and Beyond, 37-60.
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